This fossil leaf from Wyoming’s Hanna Basin, about 54 million years old, shows damage by insects. Credit: Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt
Insects today are causing unprecedented levels of damage to plants, even as insect numbers decline, according to new research led by scientists from the University of Wyoming.
In the first-of-its-kind study, insect herbivore damage of modern-era plants was compared with that of fossilized leaves from as far back as the Late Cretaceous period, nearly 67 million years ago. The findings were recently published in the prestigious journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“Our work bridges the gap between those who use fossils to study plant-insect interactions over deep time and those who study such interactions in a modern context with fresh leaf material,” says the lead researcher, University of Wyoming Ph.D. graduate Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt, now a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Maine. “The difference in insect damage between the modern era and the fossilized record is striking.”Azevedo-Schmidt conducted the research along with the University of Wyoming Department of Botany and Department of Geology and Geophysics Professor Ellen Currano, and Assistant Professor Emily Meineke of the University of California-Davis.
Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt searches for fossilized plants in Wyoming’s Hanna Basin in a deposit that is about 60 million years old. She and other researchers compared fossil leaves with modern samples and found higher rates of insect damage today. Credit: Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt
In the study, fossilized leaves with insect feeding damage from the Late Cretaceous through the Pleistocene era, a little over 2 million years ago, were examined. They were then compared with leaves collected from three modern forests by Azevedo-Schmidt. The detailed research looked at different types of damage caused by insects, finding marked increases in all recent damage compared to the fossil record.
“Our results demonstrate that plants in the modern era are experiencing unprecedented levels of insect damage, despite widespread insect declines,” wrote the scientists, who suggest that the disparity can be explained by human activity.
Although more research is necessary to determine the precise causes of increased insect damage to plants, the scientists say a warming climate, urbanization, and the introduction of invasive species likely have had a major impact.
“We hypothesize that humans have influenced (insect) damage frequencies and diversities within modern forests, with the most human impact occurring after the Industrial Revolution,” the researchers wrote. “Consistent with this hypothesis, herbarium specimens from the early 2000s were 23 percent more likely to have insect damage than specimens collected in the early 1900s, a pattern that has been linked to climate warming.”
But climate change doesn’t fully explain the increase in insect damage, they say.
“This research suggests that the strength of human influence on plant-insect interactions is not controlled by climate change alone but, rather, the way in which humans interact with the terrestrial landscape,” the researchers concluded.
Reference: “Insect herbivory within modern forests is greater than fossil localities” by Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt, Emily K. Meineke and Ellen D. Curran, 10 October 2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202852119